Hypoxia can be defined as a relative deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the
tissues. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are critical regulators of the mammalian response …

Diabetic kidney disease is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease and poses
a major global health problem. Finding new, safe, and effective strategies to halt this disease …

Previous studies have demonstrated intrarenal hypoxia in patients with diabetes. Hypoxia-
inducible factor (HIF)-1 plays an important role in hypoxia-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis …

Recent studies emphasize the role of chronic hypoxia in the tubulointerstitium as a final
common pathway to end-stage renal failure. When advanced, tubulointerstitial damage is …

Diabetic kidney disease, commonly termed diabetic nephropathy (DN), is the most common
cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide. The characteristic histopathology of …

Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. A better understanding
of the molecular mechanism involved in the early changes of the diabetic kidney may permit …

The high renal oxygen (O2) demand is associated primarily with tubular O2 consumption
(Qo2) necessary for solute reabsorption. Increasing O2 delivery relative to demand via …

Diabetes mellitus contributes greatly to morbidity, mortality, and overall health care costs. In
major part, these outcomes derive from the high incidence of progressive kidney dysfunction …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by irreversible pathological processes that
result in the development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Accumulating evidence has …

Diffusion-weighted MRI has become more and more popular in the last couple of years. It is
already an accepted diagnostic tool for patients with acute stroke, but is more difficult to use …