The Arctic has warmed more than twice as fast as the global average since the late twentieth
century, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification (AA). Recently, there have been …

Arctic coasts are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels and
the loss of permafrost, sea ice and glaciers. Assessing the influence of anthropogenic …

The ECMWF OCEAN5 system is a global ocean and sea-ice ensemble of reanalysis and
real-time analysis. This paper gives a full description of the OCEAN5 system, with the focus …

Large-scale changes in Arctic sea ice thickness, volume and multiyear sea ice (MYI)
coverage with available measurements from submarine sonars, satellite altimeters (ICESat …

The ice arches that usually develop at the northern and southern ends of Nares Strait play
an important role in modulating the export of Arctic Ocean multi-year sea ice. The Arctic …

Enhanced warm, salty subarctic inflows drive high-latitude atlantification, which weakens
oceanic stratification, amplifies heat fluxes, and reduces sea ice. In this work, we show that …

Abstract The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) mission used laser altimetry
measurements to determine changes in elevations of glaciers and ice sheets, as well as sea …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

The Arctic‐wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days decade− 1 from 1979 to
2013, dominated by later autumn freezeup within the Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi …

Abstract The Arctic Ocean is a fundamental node in the global hydrological cycle and the
ocean's thermohaline circulation. We here assess the system's key functions and …