Striosomes form neurochemically specialized compartments of the striatum embedded in a
large matrix made up of modules called matrisomes. Striosome-matrix architecture is …

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic brain disease which originates from long-term
neuroadaptations that develop after repeated opioid consumption and withdrawal episodes …

Addictive substance use impairs cognitive flexibility, with unclear underlying mechanisms.
The reinforcement of substance use is mediated by the striatal direct-pathway medium spiny …

Restlessness is a core symptom underlying restless legs syndrome (RLS), neuroleptic-
induced akathisia, and opioid withdrawal. These three conditions also share other clinical …

Background Opioid use disorder is a chronic relapsing disorder. The brain adapts to opioids
that are taken for pain treatment or recreational use so that abstinence becomes a true …

The classic output pathways of the basal ganglia are known as the direct-D1 and indirect-
D2, or “Go/No-Go”, pathways. Balance of the activity in these canonical direct-indirect …

Understanding the memory substrates underlying substance abuse requires the permanent
tagging and manipulation of drug-recruited neural ensembles. Here, we present a protocol …

The circadian rhythm system consists of a master clock located in the suprachiasmatic
nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and peripheral clocks dispersed throughout other brain …

This paper is the forty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of
research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during …