Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), as part of the endocannabinoid system, play a
critical role in numerous human physiological and pathological conditions. Thus …

The endocannabinoid system (eCB) has been studied to identify the molecular structures
present in Cannabis sativa. eCB consists of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands …

This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent important drug targets, as they regulate
pivotal physiological processes and they have proved to be readily druggable. Natural …

In millions of years, spiders have optimized their venoms in order to assure successful prey
capture and defence against predators. Spider venoms have become unique cocktails of …

Phoneutria nigriventer is one of the largest existing true spiders and one of the few
considered medically relevant. Its venom contains several neurotoxic peptides that act on …

Introduction: Spider venoms are a unique source of bioactive peptides, many of which
display remarkable biological stability and neuroactivity. Phoneutria nigriventer, often …

Pain is a common symptom induced during envenomation by spiders and scorpions. Toxins
isolated from their venom have become essential tools for studying the functioning and …

Spider venoms are known to contain proteins and polypeptides that perform various
functions including antimicrobial, neurotoxic, analgesic, cytotoxic, necrotic, and …

Neuropeptides are signalling molecules mainly secreted from neurons that act as
neurotransmitters or peptide hormones to affect physiological processes and modulate …