The mammalian diving response is a remarkable behavior that overrides basic homeostatic
reflexes. It is most studied in large aquatic mammals but is seen in all vertebrates. Pelagic …

The purpose of this review is to outline the physiological responses associated with the
diving response, its functional significance, and its cardiorespiratory control. This review is …

After a short historical account, and a discussion of Hill and Meyerhof's theory of the
energetics of muscular exercise, we analyse steady-state rest and exercise as the condition …

The effect of the diving response on alveolar gas exchange was investigated in 15 subjects.
During steady-state exercise (80 W) on a cycle ergometer, the subjects performed 40-s …

Breath-hold diving is an activity that humans have engaged in since antiquity to forage for
resources, provide sustenance and to support military campaigns. In modern times, breath …

Exposure to the underwater environment for recreational or occupational purposes is
increasing. Approximately 7 million divers are active worldwide and 500 000 more are …

New Findings What is the topic of this review? This review provides an up‐to‐date
assessment of the physiology involved with extreme static dry‐land breath holding in trained …

The human spleen sequesters 200–250 mL densely packed red blood cells. Up to 50% of
this viscous blood is actively expelled into the systemic circulation during strenuous exercise …

Involuntary apnea during sleep elicits sustained arterial hypertension through sympathetic
activation; however, little is known about voluntary apnea, particularly in elite athletes. Their …

We determined the ventilatory, cardiovascular and cerebral tissue oxygen response to two
protocols of normobaric, isocapnic, intermittent hypoxia. Subjects (n= 18, male) were …