Surviving a single infection often results in lifelong immunity to the infecting pathogen. Such
protection is mediated, in large part, by two main B cell memory 'walls'—namely, long-lived …

The success of vaccines is dependent on the generation and maintenance of immunological
memory. The immune system can remember previously encountered pathogens, and …

Immunoglobulins (Ig) play an important role in the immune system both when expressed as
antigen receptors on the cell surface of B cells and as antibodies secreted into extracellular …

Memory B cells comprise a heterogenous group of cells that differ in origin and phenotype.
During the early phases of the immune response, activated B cells can differentiate into IgM …

Memory B cells (MBCs) can respond to heterologous antigens either by molding new
specificities through secondary germinal centers (GCs) or by selecting preexisting clones …

Cell fate decisions during early B cell activation determine the outcome of responses to
pathogens and vaccines. We examined the early B cell response to T-dependent antigen in …

Memory B cells (MBCs) can persist for a lifetime, but the mechanisms that allow their long-
term survival remain poorly understood. Here, we isolated and analyzed human splenic …

Infection or vaccination leads to the development of germinal centers (GC) where B cells
evolve high affinity antigen receptors, eventually producing antibody-forming plasma cells or …

Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response
and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against …

Memory B cells seem to be more durable than antibodies and thus crucial for the long-term
immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection …