The neural crest (NC) yields pluripotent cells endowed with migratory properties. They give
rise to neurons, glia, melanocytes and endocrine cells, and to diversemesenchymal' …

Lampreys and hagfish, which together are known as the cyclostomes or 'agnathans', are the
only surviving lineages of jawless fish. They diverged early in vertebrate evolution, before …

Möbius syndrome (MBS) is a neurological disorder that is characterized by paralysis of the
facial nerves and variable other congenital anomalies. The aetiology of this syndrome has …

Lampreys are a key species to study the evolution of morphological characters at the dawn
of Craniates and throughout the evolution of the craniate's phylum. Here, we review a …

A defining feature governing head patterning of jawed vertebrates is a highly conserved
gene regulatory network that integrates hindbrain segmentation with segmentally restricted …

In chordates, which comprise urochordates, cephalochordates and vertebrates, the vitamin
A-derived morphogen retinoic acid (RA) has a pivotal role during development. Altering …

Hox genes exert fundamental roles for proper regional specification along the main rostro-
caudal axis of animal embryos. They are generally expressed in restricted spatial domains …

Retinoic acid (RA) is a vitamin A‐derived morphogen important for axial patterning and
organ formation in developing vertebrates and invertebrate chordates (tunicates and …

In vertebrate evolution, the brain exhibits both conserved and unique morphological features
in each animal group. Thus, the molecular program of nervous system development is …

Paralysis following spinal cord injury (SCI) is due to failure of axonal regeneration. It is
believed that axon growth is inhibited by the presence of several types of inhibitory …