Heart failure (HF) is a major health-care problem and the prognosis of affected patients is
poor. HF often coexists with a number of comorbidities of which declining renal function is of …

In this narrative review, the biological/biochemical impact (toxicity) of a large array of known
individual uremic retention solutes and groups of solutes is summarized. We classified these …

Description: The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2017 Clinical
Practice Guideline Update for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with the development of mineral bone disorder
(MBD), osteoporosis, and fragility fractures. Among CKD patients, adynamic bone disease or …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease
(CKD). As CKD progresses, CKD-specific risk factors, such as disordered mineral …

Importance Secondary hyperparathyroidism contributes to extraskeletal calcification and is
associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Control is suboptimal in the majority …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complex condition with a prevalence of 10–15%
worldwide. An inverse-graded relationship exists between cardiovascular events and …

Objective: To develop evidence-based recommendations for safe, effective, and appropriate
treatment of secondary (SHPT) and tertiary (THPT) renal hyperparathyroidism. Background …

Vitamin D represents a group of secosteroids involved in the calcium and phosphate
metabolism. The active form of vitamin D, 1, 25-dihydroxylcalciferol, exerts its biological …

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone with a central role in the
regulation of phosphate homeostasis. This regulation is accomplished by the coordinated …