Biofilms are a widely observed growth mode in which microbial communities are spatially
structured and embedded in a polymeric extracellular matrix. Here, we focus on the model …

First isolated and classified in the 1960s, Caulobacter crescentus has been instrumental in
the study of bacterial cell biology and differentiation. C. crescentus is a Gram-negative …

Abstract Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor is perpetuating the longest cholera pandemic in
recorded history. The genomic islands VSP-1 and VSP-2 distinguish El Tor from previous …

Highlights•Cyclic dinucleotide and trinucleotide second messengers are utilized by bacteria
to sense and adapt to their environment.•3′–5′, 3′–5′ cyclic di-GMP regulates …

Most bacteria are protected from environmental offenses by a cell wall consisting of strong
yet elastic peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential for preserving bacterial morphology and …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous two-gene loci that bacteria use to regulate
cellular processes such as phage defense. Here, we demonstrate the mechanism by which …

Within the last 60 years, microbiological research has challenged many dogmas such as
bacteria being unicellular microorganisms directed by nutrient sources; these investigations …

As bacterial symbionts transition from a motile free-living state to a sessile biofilm state, they
must coordinate behavior changes suitable to each lifestyle. Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) …

C‐di‐GMP signaling can directly influence bacterial behavior by affecting the functionality of
c‐di‐GMP‐binding proteins. In addition, c‐di‐GMP can exert a global effect on gene …

SUMMARY The El Tor biotype of Vibrio cholerae is responsible for perpetuating the longest
cholera pandemic in recorded history (1961-current). The genomic islands VSP-1 and-2 are …