Autophagy, as a type II programmed cell death, plays crucial roles with autophagy-related
(ATG) proteins in cancer. Up to now, the dual role of autophagy both in cancer progression …

The clearance of surplus, broken, or dangerous components is key for maintaining cellular
homeostasis. The failure to remove protein aggregates, damaged organelles, or intracellular …

Ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubl's) are conjugated to target proteins or lipids to regulate their
activity, stability, subcellular localization, or macromolecular interactions. Similar to ubiquitin …

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) are the central players in the trio of enzymes
responsible for the attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to cellular proteins. Humans have∼ 40 E2s …

Oxidative stress is mainly caused by intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production,
which is highly associated with normal physiological homeostasis and the pathogenesis of …

The post-translational modification of proteins regulates many biological processes. Their
dysfunction relates to diseases. Ubiquitination is one of the post-translational modifications …

ATG8 family proteins are evolutionary conserved ubiquitin-like modifiers, which become
attached to the headgroup of the membrane lipid phosphatidylethanolamine in a process …

The formation of the autophagosome, a landmark event in autophagy, is accomplished by
the concerted actions of Atg proteins. The initial step of starvation-induced autophagy in …

Macroautophagy is an intracellular catabolic process involved in the formation of multiple
membrane structures ranging from phagophores to autophagosomes and autolysosomes …

Covalent modification of LC3 and GABARAP proteins to phosphatidylethanolamine in the
double-membrane phagophore is a key event in the early phase of macroautophagy, but …