CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic r epeats)-Cas (CRISPR-
associated) systems provide prokaryotes with adaptive immunity defenses against foreign …

In nature, microorganisms are constantly exposed to multiple viral infections and thus have
developed many strategies to survive phage attack and invasion by foreign DNA. One of …

Diverse CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity in many bacteria and most
archaea, via a DNA-encoded, RNA-mediated, nucleic-acid targeting mechanism. Over time …

The third plague pandemic originated from Yunnan Province, China in the middle of the 19th
century. The last human plague epidemic in Yunnan occurred from 1986–2005. On June 6 …

Virulent strains of Clostridium difficile have become a global health problem associated with
morbidity and mortality. Traditional typing methods do not provide ideal resolution to track …

Fire blight is a destructive plant disease caused by Erwinia amylovora affecting pome fruit
trees, and responsible for large yield declines, long phytosanitary confinements, and high …

Streptomycin is the most effective and widely used chemical control in the eastern United
States for blossom blight of apple caused by Erwinia amylovora; however, resistance to this …

Yersinia ruckeri is a salmonid pathogen with widespread distribution in cool-temperate
waters including Australia and New Zealand, two isolated environments with recently …

Numerous subtyping methods have been applied to Yersinia pestis with varying success.
Here, we review the various subtyping methods that have been applied to Y. pestis and their …

Immunological nourishment is the most active part of our health system that plays a crucial
role in the human body's functioning. With the hectic rush of life running at present time …