Vaccines were initially developed on an empirical basis, relying mostly on attenuation or
inactivation of pathogens. Advances in immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry …

Tuberculosis continues to kill 1· 4 million people annually. During the past 5 years, an
alarming increase in the number of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and …

BACKGROUND: Current vaccination using Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin
(BCG), fails to prevent pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). New vaccination strategies are essential …

Efforts over the last 2 decades have led to a rich research and development pipeline of
tuberculosis (TB) vaccines. Although none of the candidates has successfully completed the …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most life-threatening mycobacterial species
which is increasing the death rate due to emerging multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains …

Of all infectious diseases, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most important causes of
morbidity and mortality. Recent advances in understanding the biology of M ycobacterium …

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading killer among infectious diseases, and a better TB
vaccine is urgently needed. The critical components and mechanisms of vaccine-induced …

The dominant Vγ2Vδ2 T cell subset recognizes phosphoantigen and exists only in humans
and nonhuman primates. Despite the discovery of γδ T cells> 30 y ago, a proof-of-concept …

The current tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
(BCG), provides insufficient protection against pulmonary TB. Previously, we generated a …

Simple Summary Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a major global health threat. It is
estimated by the WHO that 700,000 people die each year because of drug resistance, and …