Great advances have been made in the last decade in quantifying and understanding the
spatiotemporal patterns of terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) with ground …

From the frontiers of research on ice dynamics in its broadest sense, this review surveys the
structures of ice, the patterns or morphologies it may assume, and the physical and chemical …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) is a major
international effort linking the climate, crop, and economic modeling communities with …

In preparation for the fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC), the international community is developing new advanced Earth …

We describe here the development and evaluation of an Earth system model suitable for
centennial-scale climate prediction. The principal new components added to the physical …

The magnitude and evolution of parameters that characterize feedbacks in the coupled
carbon–climate system are compared across nine Earth system models (ESMs). The …

The scientific understanding of the Earth's climate system, including the central question of
how the climate system is likely to respond to human-induced perturbations, is …

We quantify forcing and feedbacks across available CMIP5 coupled atmosphere‐ocean
general circulation models (AOGCMs) by analysing simulations forced by an abrupt …

We describe the HadGEM2 family of climate configurations of the Met Office Unified Model,
MetUM. The concept of a model" family" comprises a range of specific model configurations …