Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Overweight and obesity
are strongly associated with comorbidities such as hypertension and insulin resistance …

The occurrence of obesity has increased across the whole world. Many epidemiological
studies have indicated that obesity strongly contributes to the development of cancer …

The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a
widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue …

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent peptidase responsible for
converting angiotensin I into the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. However, ACE is a relatively …

Thermogenesis, the production of heat energy, in brown adipose tissue is a significant
component of the homeostatic repertoire to maintain body temperature during the challenge …

The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a major regulator of blood pressure, fluid, and
electrolyte homeostasis. RAS precursor angiotensinogen (Agt) is cleaved into angiotensin I …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an enzymatic cascade functioning in a
paracrine and autocrine fashion. In animals and humans, RAAS intrinsic to tissues …

Sarcopenia and cachexia are muscle wasting syndromes associated with aging and with
many chronic diseases, such as congestive heart failure (CHF), diabetes, cancer, chronic …

The sympathetic nervous system, leptin, and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) have been
implicated in obesity-associated hypertension. There is increasing evidence for the …

Stress elicits neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that mitigate
homeostatic imbalance and ensure survival. However, chronic engagement of such …