Increasing evidence corroborates the fundamental role of neuroinflammation in the
development of epilepsy. Proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) are crucial contributors to the …

Epilepsy is the tendency to have unprovoked epileptic seizures. Anything causing structural
or functional derangement of brain physiology may lead to seizures, and different conditions …

The most common forms of acquired epilepsies arise following acute brain insults such as
traumatic brain injury, stroke, or central nervous system infections. Treatment is effective for …

The CNS is endowed with an elaborated response repertoire termed'neuroinflammation',
which enables it to cope with pathogens, toxins, traumata and degeneration. On the basis of …

More than 15 million out of 70 million patients worldwide do not respond to available
antiepilepticus drugs (AEDs). With the emergence of nanomedicine, nanomaterials are …

Despite the introduction of over 15 third-generation anti-epileptic drugs, current medications
fail to control seizures in 20–30% of patients. However, our understanding of the …

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) is a member of the metzincin family of mostly
extracellularly operating proteases. Despite the fact that all of these enzymes might be target …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic, highly selective barrier primarily formed by
endothelial cells connected by tight junctions that separate the circulating blood from the …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolizes the essential amino acid tryptophan and
generates a number of neuroactive metabolites collectively called the kynurenines …

Accumulating evidence indicates an important pathophysiological role of brain inflammation
in epilepsy. In this review, we will provide an update of specific inflammatory pathways that …