We take for granted the ability to fall asleep or to snap out of sleep into wakefulness, but
these changes in behavioral state require specific switching mechanisms in the brain that …

Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviorally active substance in the world. Almost all
caffeine comes from dietary sources (beverages and food), most of it from coffee and tea …

Extracellular purines (adenosine, ADP, and ATP) and pyrimidines (UDP and UTP) are
important signaling molecules that mediate diverse biological effects via cellsurface …

Four adenosine receptors have been cloned and characterized from several mammalian
species. The receptors are named adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. The A2A and A2B …

The amphetamine derivative (±)-3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is
a popular recreational drug among young people, particularly those involved in the dance …

Of the many slow-acting neurotransmitters utilized by concentration (50 μM) in virtually all
medium spiny the mammalian central nervous system, dopamine has neurons (Ouimet et …

Four adenosine receptors have been cloned from many mammalian and some non-
mammalian species. In each case the translated part of the receptor is encoded by two …

Caffeine, the most widely used psychoactive compound, is an adenosine receptor
antagonist. It promotes wakefulness by blocking adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) in the …

It is well known that the nucleoside adenosine exerts a modulatory influence in the central
nervous system by activating G protein coupled receptors. Adenosine A2A receptors, the …

The striatum receives massive cortical excitatory inputs and is densely innervated by
dopamine. Striatal projection neurons form either the direct or indirect pathways. Models of …