Sex differences exist in many neurological and psychiatric diseases, but these have not
always been addressed adequately in research. In order to address this, it is necessary to …

Well-tolerated and effective drugs for treating chronic pain conditions are urgently needed.
Most chronic pain patients are not effectively relieved from their pain and suffer from …

Synaptic plasticity enhances or reduces connections between neurons, affecting learning
and memory. Postsynaptic AMPARs mediate greater than 90% of the rapid excitatory …

Cocaine use and abstinence induce long-term synaptic alterations in the excitatory input to
nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons (MSNs). The NAc regulates reward …

Cocaine is a powerful psychostimulant that is one of the most widely used illicit addictive.
The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a major role in mediating cocaine's reward effect …

Protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) is an AMPA receptor binding protein that works
in conjunction with glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP) to balance the number of …

Sex differences exist in a variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases but most past
research has been conducted in males. Multiple mandates have been initiated across …

Opioid use disorder involves disruptions to glutamate homeostasis and dendritic spine
density in the reward system. PKMζ is an atypical isoform of protein kinase C that is …

Despite the fact that more men are diagnosed with substance use disorder, women escalate
their drug consumption faster, exhibit higher craving during withdrawal, and have poorer …

Ventral hippocampus is integral to the regulation of stress and reward via its output to
downstream corticolimbic brain regions, however, the neural connectivity and synaptic …