Embryo-derived tissue-resident macrophages are the first representatives of the
haematopoietic lineage to emerge in metazoans. In mammals, resident macrophages …

Brown and beige adipocytes are mitochondria-enriched cells capable of dissipating energy
in the form of heat. These thermogenic fat cells were originally considered to function solely …

Insulin resistance is the primary pathophysiology underlying metabolic syndrome and type 2
diabetes,. Previous metagenomic studies have described the characteristics of gut …

Adipose tissue exhibits remarkable plasticity with capacity to change in size and cellular
composition under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The emergence of …

Obesity is becoming an epidemic in the United States and worldwide and increases risk for
many diseases, particularly insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular …

The cytokine IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory mediator ensuring protection of a host from
over-exuberant responses to pathogens and microbiota, while playing important roles in …

Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated
macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 …

IFNγ is a cytokine with important roles in tissue homeostasis, immune and inflammatory
responses and tumour immunosurveillance. Signalling by the IFNγ receptor activates the …

Insulin resistance is a major pathophysiologic defect in type 2 diabetes and obesity, while
anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophages are important in maintaining normal metabolic …

Obesity, manifested by increased adiposity, represents a main cause of morbidity in the
developed countries, causing increased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes …