Innate immunity is the first defense system against invading pathogens. Toll-like receptors
(TLRs) are well-defined pattern recognition receptors responsible for pathogen recognition …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the
transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors and part of the first
line of defense against invading microbes. In humans, we know of 10 different TLRs, which …

Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection has proven remarkably successful–for those who can access and afford it–yet HIV …

Several studies have shown that epitope vaccines exhibit substantial advantages over
conventional vaccines. However, epitope vaccines are associated with limited immunity …

The elimination of both cellular and tissue latent reservoirs is a challenge toward a
successful HIV cure.“Shock and Kill” are among the therapeutic strategies that have been …

Summary Background Dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH)
receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has restricted the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as a family of pattern recognition receptors, play an important role
in the recognition of HIV-1 molecular structures by various cells of the innate immune …

The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment
has been highly successful in controlling plasma viremia to undetectable levels. However, a …

Following the discovery of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and of their extraordinary
ability to produce type I IFNs (IFN-I) in response to TLR7 and TLR9 stimulation, it is assumed …