Recent research in humans, livestock, and wildlife using high-throughput next-generation
sequencing (NGS) has identified that resident microbiota play an essential role in disease …

The microbiome is known to provide benefits to hosts, including extension of immune
function. Amphibians are a powerful immunological model for examining mucosal defenses …

All animals studied to date are associated with symbiotic communities of microorganisms.
These animal microbiotas often play important roles in normal physiological function and …

Host-associated microbiomes perform many beneficial functions including resisting
pathogens and training the immune system. Here, we show that amphibians developing in …

Infectious pathogens can disrupt the microbiome in addition to directly affecting the host.
Impacts of disease may be dependent on the ability of the microbiome to recover from such …

Variation among animals in their host-associated microbial communities is increasingly
recognized as a key determinant of important life history traits including growth, metabolism …

Microorganisms are increasingly recognized as ecosystem-relevant components because
they affect the population dynamics of hosts. Functioning at the interface of the host and …

Symbiotic microbial communities play key roles in the health and development of their
multicellular hosts. Understanding why microbial communities vary among different host …

This review summarizes the role of environmental factors on amphibian microbiotas at the
organismal, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. At the organismal …

Numerous factors are contributing to the loss of biodiversity. These include complex effects
of multiple abiotic and biotic stressors that may drive population losses. These losses are …