The tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
(NNK) and N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) always occur together and exclusively in tobacco …

DNA adducts are believed to play a central role in the induction of cancer in cigarette
smokers and are proposed as being potential biomarkers of cancer risk. We have …

Tobacco use is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Tobacco
products, including smokeless tobacco (ST), generally contain tobacco-specific N …

Over the years, betel quid chewing and tobacco use have attracted considerable interest as
they are implicated as the most likely causative risk factors of oral and esophageal cancers …

DNA adducting drugs, including alkylating agents and platinum-containing drugs, are
prominent in cancer chemotherapy. Their mechanisms of action involve direct interaction …

DNA alkylating drugs have been used as cancer chemotherapy with variable outcomes. The
establishment of predictive biomarkers to identify patients who will effectively respond to …

DNA alkylating drugs have been used as frontline medications to treat cancer for decades.
Their chemical reaction with DNA leads to the blockage of DNA replication, which impacts …

Long-term exposures to environmental toxicants are causative factors for human health
effects. DNA damages are of great interest in that they can serve as the potential biomarkers …

The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified the tobacco-specific
nitrosamines N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1 …

The tobacco-specific nitrosamines N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-
1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are considered to be two of the most important carcinogens …