Early research on the four microbial rhodopsins discovered in the archaeal Halobacterium
salinarum revealed a structural template that served as a scaffold for two different functions …

The possible mechanisms of electrogenic processes accompanying proton transport in
bacteriorhodopsin are discussed on the basis of recent structural data of the protein …

A longstanding goal in neuroscience has been to develop techniques for imaging the
voltage dynamics of genetically defined subsets of neurons. Optical sensors of …

Microbial pump rhodopsins are highly versatile light-driven membrane proteins that couple
protein conformational dynamics with ion translocation across the cell membranes …

Crystal structures are reported for the D85S and D85S/F219L mutants of the light-driven
proton/hydroxyl-pump bacteriorhodopsin. These mutants crystallize in the orthorhombic …

Natronomonas (Natronobacterium) pharaonis halorhodopsin (NpHR) is an inward light-
driven Cl-ion pump. For efficient Cl-transport, the existence of Cl--binding or-interacting sites …

Key mutations differentiate the functions of homologous proteins. One example compares
the inward ion pump halorhodopsin (HR) and the outward proton pump bacteriorhodopsin …

The function of bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium salinarum is to pump protons from the
internal side of the plasma membrane to the external after light excitation, thereby building …

Highlights•Rhodopsin sensors have large dynamic range and fast kinetics.•FRET-opsin
sensors lead the GEVI class in spike detection SNR metrics.•FRET-opsin sensors are on the …

We report the crystal structure of a bromide-bound form of the D85S mutant of
bacteriorhodopsin, bR (D85S), a protein that uses light energy rather than ATP to pump …