This article is about microwave reflectometry—a radar technique for plasma density
measurements using the reflection of electromagnetic waves by a plasma cutoff. Both the …

Basic principles of heterodyne techniques are introduced and the various components of a
heterodyne system are summarized. Special applications in ECE, interferometry and …

Doppler reflectometry is characterized by a finite tilt angle of the probing microwave beam
with respect to the normal onto the cutoff surface. According to the Bragg condition the …

High spatial resolution radial profiles of the perpendicular plasma rotation velocity u⊥ using
a dual channel 50–75 GHz Doppler reflectometer system on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak …

Transport is the outstanding physics issue in the quest for fusion by magnetic confinement.
In spite of the intrinsic difficulty, a great deal of progress has been made in the past 25 years …

Significant advances in microwave and millimeter wave technology over the past decade
have enabled the development of a new generation of imaging diagnostics for current and …

A microwave reflectometry system operating in the V-band frequency with extraordinary
mode polarization has been developed on the EAST tokamak. The reflectometry system …

By installing an X-mode polarized Q-band (32–56 GHz) reflectometry at the low field side on
EAST, the zero density cutoff layer was determined and the edge density profile was …

A novel 16-channel fixed frequency Doppler backward scattering (DBS) reflectometer
system has been developed on the HL-2A tokamak. This system is based on the filter-based …

The frequency modulated continuous wave reflectometer was developed for the first time on
the HL-2A tokamak. The system utilizes a voltage controlled oscillator and an active …