The last two decades have seen a revival in work that takes the role of individual leaders
and elites seriously. This article surveys new research that explores how biographical …

Why did Russia's relations with the West shift from cooperation a few decades ago to a new
era of confrontation today? Some explanations focus narrowly on changes in the balance of …

What explains the strategically costly and ill-planned American invasion and occupation of
Iraq? What accounts for Saddam Hussein's failure to take actions that might have deflected …

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Ideational variables have frequently been employed in positivist-minded and materialist
analyses of state behaviour. Almost inevitably, because of these commitments, such studies …

While we know much about what differentiates the conflict behavior of democracies from
autocracies, we know relatively little about why some democracies are more belligerent than …

Reputation has long been considered central to international relations, but unobservability,
strategic selection, and endogeneity have handicapped quantitative research. A rare source …

This was not an easy book to write, as readers will probably guess. Its subject matter is
rarely uplifting, and is often dispiriting. Given our backgrounds in the disciplines of …

As research on leaders matures, a next step is a better understanding of the advisers who
surround them. This article explores the often-hidden politics of leader–adviser interactions …

How should we reconcile covert war with normative theories of the democratic peace?
Proponents argue that these interventions are consistent with democratic peace theory, as …