Natural language is often seen as the single factor that explains the cognitive singularity of
the human species. Instead, we propose that humans possess multiple internal languages …

Comparative studies on brain asymmetry date back to the 19th century but then largely
disappeared due to the assumption that lateralization is uniquely human. Since the …

Zebrafish larvae show a clear and distinct pattern of swimming in response to light and dark
conditions, following the development of a swim bladder at 4 days post fertilization. This …

The amygdala has long been associated with emotion and motivation, playing an essential
part in processing both fearful and rewarding environmental stimuli. How can a single …

Some birds achieve primate-like levels of cognition, even though their brains tend to be
much smaller in absolute size. This poses a fundamental problem in comparative and …

Although it has been known for almost half a century that migratory birds can detect the
direction of the Earth's magnetic field, the primary sensory mechanism behind this …

INTRODUCTION The mammalian neocortex, with its distinctive six-layered structure, is
thought to enable advanced cognitive functions not seen in other animals. Yet birds, which …

INTRODUCTION Vocal learning, the ability to imitate sounds, is a trait that has undergone
convergent evolution in several lineages of birds and mammals, including song-learning …

Despite the importance of the insect nervous system for functional and developmental
neuroscience, descriptions of insect brains have suffered from a lack of uniform …

Domestic chickens are members of an order, Aves, which has been the focus of a revolution
in our understanding of neuroanatomical, cognitive, and social complexity. At least some …