Vaccination is an urgently needed and effective option to address epidemic, cancers,
allergies, and other diseases. Nasal administration of vaccines offers many benefits over …

Abstract According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis (TB) is the leading
cause of death triggered by a single infectious agent, worldwide. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin …

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a global threat for millennia, currently affecting over 2
billion people and causing 10.6 million new cases and 1.3 million deaths annually. The only …

Mucosal surfaces represent important routes of entry into the human body for the majority of
pathogens, and they constitute unique sites for targeted vaccine delivery. Nanoparticle …

Subunit vaccines rely on adjuvants carrying one or a few molecular antigens from the
pathogen in order to guarantee an improved immune response. However, to be effective, the …

Vaccination has been known as the most successful health strategy for the prevention of
infectious diseases, and their subsequent disability conditions. Conventional vaccination is …

Intranasal vaccines offer key advantages over traditional needle-based vaccines. They are
simple to administer and painless and establish local immunity at mucosal surfaces. Owing …

This study was conducted to evaluate the induction of systemic and mucosal immune
responses and protective efficacy following the intranasal administration of inactivated …

The skewed T helper (Th) 2 response plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic
asthma. Regulatory T (Treg) cells and the regulatory cytokines are required in maintaining …

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, latently affecting around a
quarter of the global population. The sole licensed TB vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis …