Climate tipping elements are large-scale subsystems of the Earth that may transgress critical
thresholds (tipping points) under ongoing global warming, with substantial impacts on the …

Arguably, the most conspicuous evidence for anthropogenic climate change lies in the Arctic
Ocean. For example, the summer-time Arctic sea ice extent has declined over the last 40 …

Abstract The Arctic Ocean is strongly stratified by salinity in the uppermost layers. This
stratification is a key attribute of the region as it acts as an effective barrier for the vertical …

Arctic sea ice loss has become a symbol of ongoing climate change, yet climate models still
struggle to reproduce it accurately, let alone predict it. A reason for this is the increasingly …

Arctic Ocean properties and processes are highly relevant to the regional and global
coupled climate system, yet still scarcely observed, especially in winter. Team OCEAN …

Major changes have occurred in the Arctic Ocean during 2000–2019, including the
unprecedented spin-up of the Beaufort Gyre and the emergence of Arctic Atlantification in …

Abstract Changes in the inflow of Atlantic Water (AW) and its properties to the Arctic Ocean
bring more warm water, contribute to sea ice decline, promote borealisation of marine …

Satellite altimetry missions flying over the ice-covered Arctic Ocean have opened the
possibility of further understanding changes in the ocean beneath the sea ice. This requires …

Fresh water plays a pivotal role in the Arctic Ocean's climate, as salinity governs upper
ocean stratification, convection, and the promotion of seasonal sea ice growth or melt. The …

Fram Strait is one of the main gateways for fresh water leaving the Arctic Ocean toward the
deep‐water formation regions of the North Atlantic. Monitoring transport through Fram Strait …