Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new
production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

Over the past two decades, genetic code expansion (GCE)-enabled methods for
incorporating noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins have significantly advanced …

Highlights•Use of noncanonical amino acid (ncAAs) in therapeutics requires careful
evaluation.•NcAA-mediated strategies enable important routes to precisely defined …

Recent metagenomic studies have provided an unprecedented wealth of data, which are
revolutionizing our understanding of virus diversity. A redrawn landscape highlights viruses …

While genome recoding using quadruplet codons to incorporate non-proteinogenic amino
acids is attractive for biotechnology and bioengineering purposes, the mechanism through …

Transfer RNAs have been extensively explored as the molecules that translate the genetic
code into proteins. At this interface of genetics and biochemistry, tRNAs direct the efficiency …

Noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) are synthetic building blocks that, when incorporated
into proteins, confer novel functions and enable precise control over biological processes …

Frameshifting of mRNA during translation provides a strategy to expand the coding
repertoire of cells and viruses. How and where in the elongation cycle+ 1-frameshifting …