One of the most important achievements of bacteria is its capability to adapt to the changing
conditions of the environment. The competition for nutrients with other microorganisms …

SUMMARY The PhoP/PhoQ two-component system governs virulence, Mg2+ homeostasis,
and resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents, including acidic pH and cationic …

Bacteria can rapidly and reversibly respond to changing environments via complex
transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Many of these adaptations …

To maintain protein homeostasis, AAA+ proteolytic machines degrade damaged and
unneeded proteins in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. This process involves the ATP …

The ability of microorganisms to withstand long periods with extremely low energy input has
gained increasing scientific attention in recent years. Starvation experiments in the …

AAA+ family proteolytic machines (ClpXP, ClpAP, ClpCP, HslUV, Lon, FtsH, PAN/20S, and
the 26S proteasome) perform protein quality control and are used in regulatory circuits in all …

Under conditions of nutrient deprivation or stress, or as cells enter stationary phase,
Escherichia coli and related bacteria increase the accumulation of RpoS, a specialized …

Gene expression occurs in two essential steps: transcription and translation. In bacteria, the
two processes are tightly coupled in time and space, and highly regulated. Tight regulation …

Conditions that sustain constant bacterial growth are seldom found in nature. Oligotrophic
environments and competition among microorganisms force bacteria to be able to adapt …

Two-component systems (TCSs) and phosphorelays are key mediators of bacterial signal
transduction. The signals activating these systems promote the phosphorylated state of a …