Mammals have two specialized vascular circulatory systems: the blood vasculature and the
lymphatic vasculature. The lymphatic vasculature is a unidirectional conduit that returns …

The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue,
which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in …

A combination of extrinsic (passive) and intrinsic (active) forces move lymph against a
hydrostatic pressure gradient in most regions of the body. The effectiveness of the lymph …

The mammalian circulatory system comprises both the cardiovascular system and the
lymphatic system. In contrast to the blood vascular circulation, the lymphatic system forms a …

The lymphatic vasculature has an essential role in maintaining normal fluid balance in
tissues and modulating the inflammatory response to injury or pathogens. Disruption of …

Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) lining lymphatic vessels develop specialized cell-cell
junctions that are crucial for the maintenance of vessel integrity and proper lymphatic …

The valves of the heart are crucial for ensuring that blood flows in one direction from the
heart, through the lungs and back to the rest of the body. Heart valve development is …

The lymphatics transport material from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes, where immune
responses are formed, before being transported into systemic circulation. With key roles in …

Patients with congenital lymphedema suffer from tissue swelling in part due to mutations in
genes regulating lymphatic valve development. Lymphatic valve leaflets grow and are …

The lymphatic vasculature requires intraluminal valves to maintain forward lymph flow.
Lymphatic valves form and are constantly maintained by oscillatory fluid flow throughout life …