Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self-and non-
self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular …

Oomycetes form a deep lineage of eukaryotic organisms that includes a large number of
plant pathogens which threaten natural and managed ecosystems. We undertook a survey …

Plant pathogen–activated immune signaling by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat
(NLR) receptors with an N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain converges on …

INTRODUCTION Discrimination of self from nonself is pivotal for cellular organisms, as it
allows the perception of pathogenic invaders that might otherwise multiply unchecked and …

Plasmopara viticola (P. viticola, Berk. & MA Curtis; Berl. & De Toni) causing grapevine
downy mildew is one of the most damaging pathogens to viticulture worldwide. Since its …

Plant growth and response to environmental cues are largely governed by phytohormones.
The plant hormones ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid (SA) play a central role in the …

Many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reproduction.
Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune system. The first branch …

Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants involves a large family of nucleotide-binding
leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors, including Toll/IL-1 receptor-NLRs (TNLs) and …

Animals and plants have NLRs (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors) that
recognize the presence of pathogens and initiate innate immune responses. In plants, there …

The evolution of the plant immune response has culminated in a highly effective defense
system that is able to resist potential attack by microbial pathogens. The primary immune …