Neuromodulation is an expanding area of pain medicine that incorporates an array of non-
invasive, minimally invasive, and surgical electrical therapies. In this Series paper, we focus …

The biopsychosocial model of pain dominates the scientific community's understanding of
chronic pain. Indeed, the biopsychosocial approach describes pain and disability as a …

Several theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain the physiological basis of
pain, although none yet completely accounts for all aspects of pain perception. Here, we …

Pharmacological strategies for pain management have primarily focused on dampening
ascending neurotransmission and on opioid receptor–mediated therapies. Little is known …

Our understanding of the mechanisms mediating or moderating the placebo response to
medicines has grown substantially over the past decade and offers the opportunity to …

Modern medicine has progressed in parallel with the advancement of biochemistry,
anatomy, and physiology. By using the tools of modern medicine, the physician today can …

The application of neuroimaging methods to product marketing—neuromarketing—has
recently gained considerable popularity. We propose that there are two main reasons for this …

Introduction Placebo and nocebo represent complex and distinct psychoneurobiological
phenomena in which behavioural and neurophysiological modifications occur together with …

The placebo effect has often been considered a nuisance in basic and particularly clinical
research. This view has gradually changed in recent years due to deeper insight into the …

This Perspective reviews recent findings in placebo hypoalgesia and provides a conceptual
account of how expectations and experience can lead to placebo hypoalgesia. In particular …