The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences
in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias …

Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and
show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex …

Its semi-allogeneic nature renders the conceptus vulnerable to attack by the maternal
immune system. Several protective mechanisms operate during gestation to correct the …

Chronic inflammatory lesions of the placenta are characterized by the infiltration of the organ
by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and/or macrophages and may result from infections (viral …

Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …

Embryo implantation involves the intimate interaction between an implantation-competent
blastocyst and a receptive uterus, which occurs in a limited time period known as the …

There is a growing awareness of the importance of sex and gender in medicine and
research. Women typically have stronger immune responses to self and foreign antigens …

The mucosal surfaces of the gut and airways have important barrier functions and regulate
the induction of immunological tolerance. The rapidly increasing incidence of chronic …

The developing human fetus generates both tolerogenic and protective immune responses
in response to the unique requirements of gestation. Thus, a successful human pregnancy …

Sex based differences in immune responses, affecting both the innate and adaptive immune
responses, contribute to differences in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in males and …