Colocalization of small-molecule and neuropeptide transmitters is common throughout the
nervous system of all animals. The resulting co-transmission, which provides conjoint …

Studies of neuropeptide and peptide hormone signaling are coming of age in Drosophila
due to rapid developments in molecular genetics approaches that overcome the difficulties …

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are circuits that generate organized and repetitive motor
patterns, such as those underlying feeding, locomotion and respiration. We summarize …

Neuromodulation provides considerable flexibility to the output of neural networks. In spite of
the extensive literature documenting the presence of modulatory peptide co-transmitters in …

To define activity-dependent release of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor
(BDNF), we developed an in vitro model using primary sensory neurons and a modified …

It is now accepted that neurons contain and release multiple transmitter substances.
However, we still have only limited insight into the regulation and functional effects of this co …

The primary function of the presynaptic nerve terminal is to release transmitter quanta and
thus activate the postsynaptic target cell. In almost every step leading to the release of …

NeuromedinU is a potent regulator of food intake and activity in mammals. In Drosophila,
neurons producing the homologous neuropeptide hugin regulate feeding and locomotion in …

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and is
implicated in control of limbic seizures. In the present study, we examined hippocampal …

Over the last 30 years, many laboratories have examined, in parallel, the feeding behaviour
of gastropod molluscs and the properties of the nervous system that give rise to this …