The legitimacy of nonsubstance addictions has received increased attention from clinicians,
researchers and the general population as more and more individuals report symptoms …

Evidence that psychoactive substance use disorders, bulimia nervosa, pathological
gambling, and sexual addiction share an underlying biopsychological process is …

All mobile organisms rely on adaptive motivated behavior to overcome the challenges of
living in an environment in which essential resources may be limited. A variety of influences …

The COVID-19 pandemic and public health measures to reduce its transmission have
increased stress. Stress is associated with alterations in eating behavior which may be partly …

Repeated exposure to the psychostimulant amphetamine has been shown to disrupt goal-
directed instrumental actions and promote the early and abnormal development of goal …

Dopamine (DA) is produced in numerous brain areas and influences a wide variety of social
behaviors, but very few data are available to establish the socially-relevant response …

A major goal in psychology is to understand how environmental stimuli associated with
primary rewards come to function as conditioned stimuli, acquiring the capacity to elicit …

Phthalate administration to male rats has been shown to negatively impact neural
development while development of the female rat brain is less affected. Because a number …

All five muscarinic receptor subtypes and mRNAs are found widely in the brain stem, with M
2 muscarinic receptors most concentrated in the hindbrain. Three cholinergic cell groups …

Till the present, an enormous number of facts concerning brain have been collected, while
advancement of our understanding of the mechanisms of its activity remains insignificant …