This review summarizes our current understanding of translation in prokaryotes, focusing on
the mechanistic and structural aspects of each phase of translation: initiation, elongation …

Initiation of translation on eukaryotic mRNAs generally follows the scanning mechanism,
wherein a preinitiation complex (PIC) assembled on the small (40S) ribosomal subunit and …

Chloroplast translation is essential for cellular viability and plant development. Its positioning
at the intersection of organellar RNA and protein metabolism makes it a unique point for the …

The synthesis of mitochondrial OXPHOS complexes is central to cellular metabolism, yet
many molecular details of mitochondrial translation remain elusive. It has been commonly …

Genetic decoding is not 'frozen'as was earlier thought, but dynamic. One facet of this is
frameshifting that often results in synthesis of a C-terminal region encoded by a new frame …

Genome annotation is, nowadays, performed via automatic pipelines that cannot
discriminate between right and wrong annotations. Given their importance in increasing the …

In all kingdoms of life, proteins are synthesized by ribosomes in a process referred to as
translation. The amplitude of translational regulation exceeds the sum of transcription …

Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and
degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of …

Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) is a major tool in genetic code expansion using
noncanonical amino acids, yet its structure and function are not completely understood …

Protein production must be strictly controlled at its beginning and end to synthesize a
polypeptide that faithfully copies genetic information carried in the encoding mRNA. In …