Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules
has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes …

Nucleic acid editing holds promise for treating genetic disease, particularly at the RNA level,
where disease-relevant sequences can be rescued to yield functional protein products. Type …

RNA has important and diverse roles in biology, but molecular tools to manipulate and
measure it are limited. For example, RNA interference,, can efficiently knockdown RNAs, but …

Dendritic spines mediate most excitatory neurotransmission in the nervous system, so their
function must be critical for the brain. Spines are biochemical compartments but might also …

Inhibitory synapses dampen neuronal activity through postsynaptic hyperpolarization. The
composition of the inhibitory postsynapse and the mechanistic basis of its regulation …

The brain is arguably the most complex organ. The branched and extended morphology of
nerve cells, their subcellular complexity, the multiplicity of brain cell types as well as their …

The neurotransmitters GABA and glycine mediate fast synaptic inhibition by activating ligand-
gated chloride channels—namely, type A GABA (GABAA) and glycine receptors. Both types …

Experience results in long-lasting changes in dendritic spine size, yet how the molecular
architecture of the synapse responds to plasticity remains poorly understood. Here a …

Nanobodies can be seen as next‐generation tools for the recognition and modulation of
antigens that are inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Due to their compact structure and …