Since the licensing of the first monoclonal antibody therapy in 1986, monoclonal antibodies
have become the largest class of biopharmaceuticals with over 80 antibodies currently …

Shark is a cartilaginous fish that produces new antigen receptor (IgNAR) antibodies. This
antibody is identified with a similar human heavy chain but dissimilar sequences. The …

The antigen binding variable domain (VNAR) of the shark immunoglobulin new antigen
receptor (IgNAR) evolved approximately 500 million years ago and it is one of the smallest …

Immunotherapies based on antibody fragments have been developed and applied to human
diseases, describing novel antibody formats. The vNAR domains have a potential …

Many of the most successful drugs generated in recent years are based upon monoclonal
antibodies (mAbs). However, for some therapeutic and diagnostic applications mAbs are far …

The VNAR (Variable New Antigen Receptor) is the smallest single-domain antibody derived
from the variable domain of IgNAR of cartilaginous fishes. Despite its biomedical and …

Shark variable domain of new antigen receptors (VNARs) are the smallest naturally
occurring binding domains with properties of low complexity, small size, cytoplasmic …

In response to the invasion of exogenous microorganisms, one of the defence strategies of
the immune system is to produce antibodies. Cartilaginous fish is among those who evolved …

Osteoarthritis and psoriasis arthritis are two degenerative forms of arthritis that share similar
yet also different manifestations at the histological, cellular, and clinical levels …

The development of recombinant antibody fragments as promising alternatives to full-length
immunoglobulins offers vast opportunities for biomedicine. Antibody fragments have …