Small waterbodies, including ponds and small lakes, low-order streams, ditches and
springs, are the most numerous freshwater environments globally, are critical for freshwater …

Aquifers provide water, nutrients and energy with various patterns for many aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are increasingly …

We analyzed responses of chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) communities to
environmental factors in 124 natural, moderately, and highly disturbed springs in the Italian …

Four perennial rheocrene springs located between 919 and 1252 m asl on substrata
characterized by different lithologies were studied. Water samples and invertebrates were …

The diversity and distribution of chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) were studied in
relation to environmental factors in 81 springs under pristine conditions in the Italian Prealps …

The Puszcza Knyszyńska springs are an important element of the environment, conditioning
the high geo-and biodiversity in the region. These springs are layered outflows that drain the …

The decomposition of allochthonous dead organic matter is a key process for the
metabolism and functioning of stream and spring ecosystems. The litter breakdown process …

The traditional and widely used ecomorphological spring classification—pool springs
(limnocrenes), seepages (helocrenes), and flowing springs (rheocrenes)—is based mainly …

Like all headwater systems, springs have been increasingly modified by multiple land uses,
but the effects of these modifications on species diversity and community composition are …

Degradation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems has raised a need for their restoration,
but ecological responses to restoration are largely unknown. We evaluated the effectiveness …