The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

The discovery of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) began in 1922 as a vital component required in
reproduction. Today, there are eight naturally occurring vitamin E isoforms, namely α-, β-, γ …

Bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) form a network of blood vessels that regulate both
leukocyte trafficking and haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) maintenance …

Multinucleation is a hallmark of osteoclast maturation. The unique and dynamic
multinucleation process not only increases cell size but causes functional alterations …

Osteoclasts are derived from mononuclear hematopoietic myeloid lineage cells, which are
formed in the bone marrow and are attracted to the bloodstream by factors, including …

Abstract Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a diffusible axonal chemorepellent that has an
important role in axon guidance,,,,. Previous studies have demonstrated that Sema3a …

The objective of the present review was to summarize the molecular mechanisms
associated with the effects of the vitamins A, C, E and K, and group B vitamins on bone and …

Global gene deletion studies in mice and humans have established the pivotal role of runt
related transcription factor‐2 (Runx2) in both intramembranous and endochondral …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated myeloid lineage cells formed in response to macrophage
colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) and receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) by fusion …

Vitamin E is essential for human health and may play a role in the prevention of some
degenerative diseases. Its bioavailability, however, is wide ranging and is affected by …