The human cancer precision medicine paradigm has been built on the foundation of
understanding cancer's genomic underpinnings and great individual variability Remarkable …

Canine mammary tumours (CMT) have histological, clinicopathological and molecular
resemblances to human breast cancer (HBC), positioning them as viable models for …

Immuno-oncology research has brought to light the paradoxical role of immune cells in the
induction and elimination of cancer. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), expressed by …

Monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints have revolutionized oncology. Yet, the
effectiveness of these treatments varies significantly among patients, and they are …

Simple Summary Immune checkpoints are essential to the body's reaction to immunological
stimuli. The most studied immune checkpoint molecules are programmed death (PD-1) with …

Introduction Programmed Death-Ligand 1 is a well-known immune checkpoint molecule.
Recent studies evaluated its expression in different canine cancer types through different …

Immunomodulatory antibody drugs that modulate the function of immune checkpoint
molecules, such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been developed for canine tumour treatment, and
pilot clinical studies have demonstrated their antitumour efficacy in dogs with oral malignant …

Immune escape is the hallmark of carcinogenesis. This widely known mechanism is the
overexpression of immune checkpoint ligands, such as programmed cell death protein 1 …