Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular programs including
embryogenesis, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis based on cues derived from the …

G proteins provide signal-coupling mechanisms to heptahelical cell surface receptors and
are critically involved in the regulation of different mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) …

Multiple growth-and differentiation-inducing polypeptide factors bind to and activate
transmembrane receptors tyrosine kinases (RTKs), to instigate a plethora of biochemical …

Extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is a member of the mitogen‐activated
protein kinase (MAPK) family and, similar to ERK1/2, has the Thr–Glu–Tyr (TEY) activation …

MAP kinases transduce signals that are involved in a multitude of cellular pathways and
functions in response to a variety of ligands and cell stimuli. Aberrant or inappropriate …

Inter-and intracellular communications and responses to environmental changes are pivotal
for the orchestrated and harmonious operation of multi-cellular organisms. These well-tuned …

Genes that are normally biased towards expression in the testis are often induced in tumor
cells. These gametogenic genes, known as cancer-testis antigens (CTAs), have been …

The cAMP-signaling cancers, which are defined by functionally-significant somatic mutations
in one or more elements of the cAMP signaling pathway, have an unexpectedly wide range …

Background and Purpose: Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by an increase in fibroblast
proliferation, overproduction of extracellular matrix proteins, and the formation of …

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchorage of cell surface proteins to the membrane is
biologically important and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. However, GPIs do not contain long …