Planarians are a group of flatworms. Some planarian species have remarkable regenerative
abilities, which involve abundant pluripotent adult stem cells. This makes these worms a …

Deuterostomes are the major division of animal life which includes sea stars, acorn worms,
and humans, among a wide variety of ecologically and morphologically disparate taxa …

A new theory about the origins of consciousness that finds learning to be the driving force in
the evolutionary transition to basic consciousness. What marked the evolutionary transition …

Chaetognaths (arrow worms) are an enigmatic group of marine animals whose phylogenetic
position remains elusive, in part because they display a mix of developmental and …

Indirect development with an intermediate larva exists in all major animal lineages, which
makes larvae central to most scenarios of animal evolution,,,,,,,,–. Yet how larvae evolved …

Ctenophores are gelatinous marine animals famous for locomotion by ciliary combs. Due to
the uncertainties of the phylogenetic placement of ctenophores and the absence of some …

Molecular timescales estimate that early animal lineages diverged tens of millions of years
before their earliest unequivocal fossil evidence. The Ediacaran macrobiota (~ 574 to 538 …

The dramatic evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, together with a proliferation of
specialized cortical areas, is believed to underlie the emergence of human cognitive …

The origins and the early evolution of multicellular animals required the exploitation of
holozoan genomic regulatory elements and the acquisition of new regulatory tools …

Apical organs are relatively simple larval nervous systems. The extent to which apical
organs are evolutionarily related to the more complex nervous systems of other animals …