Low-intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including alternating or direct current
stimulation, applies weak electrical stimulation to modulate the activity of brain circuits …

The combination of non-invasive brain stimulation interventions with human brain mapping
methods have supported research beyond correlational associations between brain activity …

Classical reinforcement learning (CRL) has been widely applied in neuroscience and
psychology; however, quantum reinforcement learning (QRL), which shows superior …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired predictive abilities; however,
the neural mechanisms subsuming reward prediction errors in ASD are poorly understood …

A good‐based model, the central neurobiological model of economic decision‐making,
proposes that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) represents binary choice outcome, that is, the …

BackgroundTrauma exposure is associated with development of depression and anxiety;
yet, some individuals are resilient to these trauma-associated effects. Differentiating …

Gambling disorder (GD) and internet gaming disorder (IGD) are formally recognized
behavioral addictions with a rapidly growing prevalence and limited treatment options …

ABSTRACT The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) assesses real-world decision-making
processes in a laboratory setting and has been applied to both healthy and clinical …

Cognitive dysfunction constitutes a core characteristic of schizophrenia spectrum disorders
(SZ). Specifically, deficits in updating generative models (ie, cognitive flexibility) and …

We experience surprise when reality conflicts with our expectations. When we encounter
such expectation violations in psychological tasks and daily life, are we experiencing …