Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders,
and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the …

The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and
memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both …

Stress impairs extinction learning, and these deficits depend, in part, on stress-induced
norepinephrine (NE) release in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). For example, systemic or …

Therapeutic interventions for disorders of fear and anxiety rely on behavioral approaches
that reduce pathological fear memories. For example, learning that threat-predictive stimuli …

The present review examines key psychological concepts in the study of experimental
extinction and implications these have for an understanding of the underlying neurobiology …

Recent data in both rodents and humans suggests that the timing of extinction trials after
conditioning influences the magnitude and duration of extinction. For example …

In 2009, Monfils and colleagues proposed a behavioral procedure that was said to result in
a permanent attenuation of a previously established fear memory, thereby precluding a …

Impairments in fear extinction are thought to be central to the psychopathology of
posttraumatic stress disorder, and endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling has been strongly …

Extinction-based exposure therapy is used to treat anxiety-and trauma-related disorders;
however, there is the need to improve its limited efficacy in individuals with impaired fear …

The neural circuitry mediating fear extinction has been increasingly well studied and
delineated. The rodent infralimbic subregion (IL) of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex …