Functionally graded materials (FGMs) and functionally graded structures (FGSs) are special
types of advanced composites with peculiar features and advantages. This article reviews …

Additive manufacturing (AM) processes have proven to be a perfect match for topology
optimization (TO), as they are able to realize sophisticated geometries in a unique layer-by …

Topology optimization has undergone a tremendous development since its introduction in
the seminal paper by Bendsøe and Kikuchi in 1988. By now, the concept is developing in …

Topology optimization is the process of determining the optimal layout of material and
connectivity inside a design domain. This paper surveys topology optimization of continuum …

The evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) method developed by Xie and Steven
(Comput Struct 49 (5): 885–896, 162), an important branch of topology optimization, has …

This review paper provides an overview of different level-set methods for structural topology
optimization. Level-set methods can be categorized with respect to the level-set-function …

Phononic crystal is a type of artificial heterogeneous material constituted by a periodic
repetition of cells. This characteristic provides a possible solution to the accurate …

Large-scale structural topology optimization has always suffered from prohibitively high
computational costs that have till date hindered its widespread use in industrial design. The …

The aim of this article is to evaluate and compare established numerical methods of
structural topology optimization that have reached the stage of application in industrial …

This article describes a method for the continuum-based topology optimization of structures
made of discrete elements. In particular, we examine the optimization of linearly elastic …