The development of the craniofacial skeleton relies on complex temporospatial organization
of diverse cell types by key signalling molecules. Even minor disruptions to these processes …

Long bones and the cranial base are both formed through endochondral ossification.
Elongation of long bones is primarily through the growth plate, which is a cartilaginous …

The synchondroses formed via endochondral ossification in the cranial base are an
important growth center for the neurocranium. Abnormalities in the synchondroses affect …

The craniofacial skeleton is a complex and unique structure. The perturbation of its
development can lead to craniofacial dysmorphology and associated morbidities. Our ability …

Background and objectives Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2)
gene are responsible for both Apert syndrome (AS) and Crouzon syndrome (CS). These …

Background The age of closure of skull base synchondroses has never been analyzed in a
homogenous population of children with Crouzon syndrome. Methods A retrospective case …

Genetic and environmental factors may lead to abnormal growth of the orofacial skeleton,
affecting the overall structure of the face. In this study, we investigated the craniofacial …

Background Achondroplasia is the most frequent FGFR3-related chondrodysplasia, leading
to rhizomelic dwarfism, craniofacial anomalies, stenosis of the foramen magnum, and sleep …

Background: Fusion of cranial-base sutures/synchondroses presents a clinical conundrum,
given their often unclear “normal” timing of closure. This study investigates the physiologic …

Background: Infants with craniofacial dysostosis syndromes may present with midface
abnormalities but without major (calvarial) suture synostosis and head shape anomalies …