Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is uncontrollably spread
all over the world. The host immune responses strongly try to confront it with all the potential …

T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon of dysfunction or physical elimination of antigen-specific
T cells reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and …

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus was first reported in Wuhan, China. 1 It was named
by the World Health Organization as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 …

Conclusions This study demonstrates that E. multilocularis can induce T‐cell exhaustion
through inhibitory receptor TIGIT, and that blocking this checkpoint may reverse the …

The lymphopenia as a major immunological abnormality occurs in the majority of severe
COVID‐19 patients, which is strongly associated with mortality rate. A low proportion of …

Background Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of
lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). However, a significant proportion of patients with …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can trigger a cytokine
storm in the pulmonary tissue by releasing various types of mediators, leading to acute …

Background and Aims The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis infection, a serious health
problem worldwide, causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a tumor‐like disease …

Background: Gut microbiota is the largest population of microorganisms and is closely
related to health. Many studies have explored changes in gut microbiota in viral hepatitis …

Background: Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection induces apoptosis in swine cells both in
vitro and in vivo; however, the mechanism associated with host-cell signaling has not been …