We document and evaluate emerging policing strategies that are reshaping how centralised
law enforcement agencies deal with online cybercrime markets. The first of these we term …

The internet mafia trope has shaped our knowledge about organised crime groups online,
yet the evidence is largely speculative and the logic often flawed. This paper adds to current …

Criminologists have frequently debated whether offenders are specialists, in that they
consistently perform either one offense or similar offenses, or versatile by performing any …

Undoubtedly, modern human digital lives are every day more and more connected, and the
revolution of “everything connected” is already becoming a reality. Indeed, humans live in …

Cyber insurance policies commonly indemnify the cost of incident response services. This
creates a multi-layered economic problem in that the policyholder hiring external firms incurs …

The cybercrime industry is characterised by work specialisation to the point that it has
become a volume industry with various “as-a-service” offerings. One well-established “as-a …

Ransomware operations have evolved from relatively unsophisticated threat actors into
highly coordinated cybercrime syndicates that regularly extort millions of dollars in a single …

Malware authors constantly obfuscate their files and defenders regularly develop new
techniques to detect them. Given this cat-and-mouse game, specialized obfuscation services …

Cyber security mitigation is becoming an increasingly urgent aspect in today's digital era, in
response to the threat of theft and disruption to information systems, software and hardware …

The criminal underground is populated with forum marketplaces where, allegedly,
cybercriminals share and trade knowledge, skills, and cybercrime products. However, it is …