Here we review and extend a new unitary model for the pathophysiology of involutional
osteoporosis that identifies estrogen (E) as the key hormone for maintaining bone mass and …

Loss of estrogens or androgens increases the rate of bone remodeling by removing
restraining effects on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and also causes a focal …

Sex steroids are essential for skeletal development and the maintenance of bone health
throughout adult life, and estrogen deficiency at menopause is a major pathogenetic factor …

Purpose The objectives of this article are to review the pathophysiology of bone loss
associated with aging and to review current pharmacologic approaches for the treatment of …

Androgens in women, as well as in men, are intrinsic to maintenance of (i) reproductive
competency,(ii) cardiac health,(iii) appropriate bone remodeling and mass retention,(iii) …

In both men and women, a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) is a major symptom of
hypogonadism. Although the effects of estrogens on osteoporosis in women are well …

I. Introduction A LTHOUGH osteoporosis has long been considered a disease of women, in
the earliest reports of the epidemiology of osteoporosis it was apparent that the classical age …

Interleukin-6 is an essential mediator of the bone loss caused by loss of estrogens. Because
loss of androgens also causes bone loss, we have examined whether the IL-6 gene is …

It has been established during the past few years that interleukin (s)-1,-6,-11 (IL-1, IL-6, IL-
11), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can stimulate osteoclast development and thereby the …

Androgens may regulate the male skeleton directly through a stimulation of androgen
receptors or indirectly through aromatization of androgens into estrogen and, thereafter …